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(-) Tj 6 0 TD 0.0066 Tc 5.2134 Tw (Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for) Tj 0 Tc 0.06 Tw ( ) Tj -165.24 -23.28 TD -0.159 Tc 0 Tw (Turkey) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0.06 Tw ( ) Tj -54 -21.84 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -37.56 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.0054 Tc -0.0246 Tw (Zeyno Baran) Tj 76.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.03 Tw ( ) Tj -76.56 -20.88 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -22.8 TD ( ) Tj 0 -22.68 TD ( ) Tj 0 -22.8 TD -0.0021 Tc 0.7771 Tw (Despite enjoying the myriad benefits of its strategic location) Tj 320.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0451 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.7487 Tw (at the crossroads of) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -334.68 -16.68 TD 0.0028 Tc 0.6221 Tw (Western Europe, Russia, the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 154.2 0 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.6944 Tw (Caucasus and the Middle East) Tj 159.84 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0451 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0044 Tc 0.5605 Tw (and of its significant ) Tj -327.72 -16.68 TD 0.0054 Tc 2.0095 Tw (mineral reserves and its young, dynamic population, Turkey is yet faced with a) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0327 Tc 2.2177 Tw (serious long) Tj 64.32 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0019 Tc 1.9964 Tw (term strategic threat: energy dependence. 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Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -279 -16.8 TD 0.0018 Tc 1.1031 Tw (Recognizing that control of energy transport corridors can be almost as important) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0079 Tc 1.1063 Tw (as control of energy supplies, they turned their attention towards one of the most) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0121 Tc 3.7328 Tw (important projects that Turkey has ever undertaken: the Ba) Tj 339.6 0 TD 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (ku) Tj 13.2 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0133 Tc (Tbilisi) Tj 34.68 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.003 Tw (Ceyhan ) Tj -396 -16.8 TD -0.003 Tc 0.028 Tw (\(BTC\) oil pipeline.) Tj 100.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -100.32 -22.68 TD 0.0047 Tc 0.3052 Tw (The pipeline, which will transport up to 50 million tons per year starting at the end ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.001 Tc 0.6352 Tw (of 2005, runs from the Azerbaijani capital on the Caspian Sea, up through Georgia,) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.015 Tc 0.985 Tw (and down to the Turkish Mediterranean port of Cey) Tj 281.76 0 TD 0.0047 Tc 1.0403 Tw (han. Together with a parallel) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -281.76 -16.68 TD -0.009 Tc 6.4299 Tw (gas pipeline, it is undoubtedly the key link in the so) Tj 332.28 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0381 Tc 6.6631 Tw (called \223East) Tj 67.56 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0314 Tc 0.2335 Tw (West ) Tj -408.36 -16.8 TD 0.0036 Tc 2.1814 Tw (Transportation Corridor\224 planned by Turkish and other government officials to) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0113 Tc 2.1039 Tw (connect the oil and gas fields of Central Asia and the South Caucasus with) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 420.48 0 TD 0.0246 Tc 0 Tw (the ) Tj -420.48 -16.8 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.0121 Tw (markets of Western Europe. ) Tj 151.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -151.08 -22.68 TD -0.0066 Tc 2.3287 Tw (For Turkey, the BTC pipeline project has from the start been seen as a project) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0074 Tc 1.1303 Tw (primarily of geopolitical importance. 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Tj 103.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -103.32 -22.8 TD 0.0055 Tc 5.1915 Tw (This essay briefly discusses the geopolitical relevance of BTC for Turkey,) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0032 Tc 4.0632 Tw (including an overview of how and why Turkish decision) Tj 327.36 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0082 Tc 4.0532 Tw (makers ensured its) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -331.8 -16.68 TD 0.0029 Tc 4.774 Tw (commercial viability. It then evaluates the prospects for direct and indir) Tj 421.92 0 TD 0.0522 Tc 0.0928 Tw (ect ) Tj ET endstream endobj 368 0 obj 5792 endobj 369 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 366 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 15 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 370 0 R >> endobj 370 0 obj << /Length 371 0 R >> stream BT 239.52 796.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0.0393 Tw (The Baku) Tj 41.4 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0213 Tc (Tbilisi) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0 Tc (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0372 Tw (Ceyhan Pipeline) Tj 68.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0125 Tw ( ) Tj -273.12 -748.2 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 93.6 791.52 15.84 14.52 re h W n BT 93.6 794.88 TD 0.0301 Tc 0 Tw (104) Tj ET Q q 109.44 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 109.44 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 93.6 737.28 TD 0 Tc 2.8954 Tw (economic and social benefits to Turkey of the BTC project, before in the end) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 3.505 Tw (addressing the impact of the BTC project on Turkey\222s relations with various) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.0842 Tw (players in the region as well as the EU and the U.S. ) Tj 271.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -271.8 -37.44 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.017 Tc -0.013 Tw (Geopolitical Pipeline) Tj 124.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.03 Tw ( ) Tj -124.2 -21 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0 Tc 1.1525 Tw (By the early 1990s, a ) Tj 1.271 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 118.8 0 TD 0.004 Tc 1.1459 Tw (onsensus had emerged in Turkey regarding the necessity of) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -118.8 -16.68 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.9394 Tw (constructing a major new oil pipeline on the East) Tj 261.84 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.003 Tc 0.888 Tw (West route. 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As explained below, the Kazakhs chose the Caspian Pipeline) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0036 Tc 1.368 Tw (Consortium \(CPC\) as their first major pipeline to carry Kazakh) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 349.68 0 TD 0.0043 Tc 1.4606 Tw (oil via Russia to) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -349.68 -16.8 TD -0.0027 Tc 4.9041 Tw (the Black Sea, and Kazakhstan is currently in serious negotiations to send) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 0.0373 Tw (significant volumes of oil from Aktau to the BTC pipeline. ) Tj 310.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -310.92 -22.8 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.896 Tw (The decision of whether or not to invest in the BTC ultimately had to be reached) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0077 Tc 5.6726 Tw (by the oil companies ) Tj 5.6774 Tc 0 Tw (o) Tj 139.08 0 TD 0.014 Tc 5.6509 Tw (perating the Azeri) Tj 106.32 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0478 Tc (Chirag) Tj 36.24 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0126 Tc 5.7175 Tw (Guneshli \(ACG\) field in) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -290.16 -16.68 TD 0.0058 Tc 9.7792 Tw (Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani International Operating Company \(AIOC\)) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0009 Tc 1.715 Tw (consortium clearly preferred the cheapest option for exporting oil to the markets) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0012 Tc 1.8622 Tw (and initially balked at the cost of the BTC, especially ) Tj 2.0928 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj 307.44 0 TD 0.0191 Tc 1.7659 Tw (hen they considered the) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -307.44 -16.8 TD 0.0106 Tc 0.2543 Tw (shorter Baku) Tj 67.08 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0206 Tc 0.2855 Tw (Supsa option.) Tj 71.04 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf -0.0484 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 3.24 -5.52 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.0043 Tc 0.3173 Tw ( This would entail the construction of a relatively short ) Tj -145.68 -16.68 TD 0.0042 Tc 0.0882 Tw (pipeline from Baku to the Georgian Black Sea port of Supsa, where the oil would be ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0072 Tc 0.5377 Tw (loaded onto tankers and then transported via the Turkish Straits) Tj 340.08 0 TD 0.0022 Tc 0.5828 Tw ( to world markets.) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -340.08 -16.8 TD 0.0114 Tc 0.5295 Tw (Turkey had initially promoted this route also, believing that any East) Tj 367.08 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.2102 Tw (West option ) Tj -371.28 -16.68 TD 0.0069 Tc 0.6437 Tw (was preferable to shipment north to Russia or south to Iran. They hoped that once) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0119 Tc 1.4223 Tw (companies were accustomed to shipping oil westwards, it would then be ea) Tj 403.44 0 TD 0.0115 Tc 1.3334 Tw (sier to) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -403.44 -16.8 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.0573 Tw (subsequently shift supplies to a BTC pipeline. ) Tj 243.24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -243.24 -22.68 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.6153 Tw (In 1995 the AIOC consortium chose Baku) Tj 220.08 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0119 Tc 0.7328 Tw (Supsa as well as the Baku) Tj 136.08 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0155 Tw (Novorossiysk ) Tj -364.68 -16.8 TD 0.0095 Tc 3.7455 Tw (route \(that would transport Azerbaijani oil to the Russian Black Sea port of) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.012 Tc 1.2729 Tw (Novorossiysk\) as \223Early Oil\224 pipelines to tra) Tj 242.52 0 TD 0 Tc 1.3149 Tw (nsport initial production to markets,) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -242.52 -16.68 TD 0.0031 Tc 0.308 Tw (thus satisfying both Russian and Turkish interests as well as their own commercial ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0046 Tc 3.0531 Tw (ones. The U.S. became actively engaged in the pipeline projects following the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0034 Tc 1.8216 Tw (celebration of the beginning of the Early Oil project in) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 304.92 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 1.8707 Tw (Baku in November 1997,) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -304.92 -16.8 TD 0.0021 Tc 1.4813 Tw (attended by the U.S. Energy Secretary as well as the Turkish and Russian prime) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0076 Tc 6.0414 Tw (ministers. The presence of such high) Tj 221.88 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0 Tc 6.1152 Tw (level officials clearly underlined the) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -226.2 -16.68 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.0191 Tw (geopolitical importance of the projects. ) Tj 205.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -205.32 -22.8 TD 0.0142 Tc 1.8348 Tw (Once these two shorter pipelines beg) Tj 201.36 0 TD 0.0051 Tc 1.8678 Tw (an operation, the Turkish Foreign Ministry) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -201.36 -16.68 TD 0.0125 Tc 1.5925 Tw (began to strongly promote the BTC pipeline. One of Ankara\222s key arguments in) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0068 Tc 3.7936 Tw (favor of the rapid construction of the main BTC pipeline was based on the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.9916 Tw (logistical, environmental, and security problems raised by a ) Tj 2.0054 Tc 0 Tw (d) Tj 334.68 0 TD -0.0095 Tc 2.0745 Tw (ramatic increase in) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -334.68 -19.56 TD 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 93.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 64.8 94.2 144 0.6 re f BT 208.8 91.56 TD ( ) Tj -144 -15.6 TD /F0 6 Tf -0.054 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 2.4 -3.96 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.0091 Tc 0.9248 Tw ( The AIOC\222s first preference was to construct a pipeline from Azerbaijan to Iran) Tj 315.12 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.9142 Tw (, but the sanctions on Iran and) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj -317.52 -10.56 TD -0.021 Tc 0.069 Tw (tense Azerbaijan) Tj 62.64 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.0547 Tw (Iran relations ruled out this option.) Tj 131.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0.048 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 374 0 obj 7707 endobj 375 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 366 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 15 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 376 0 R >> endobj 376 0 obj << /Length 377 0 R >> stream BT 239.52 796.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0.0393 Tw (The Baku) Tj 41.4 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0213 Tc (Tbilisi) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0 Tc (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0372 Tw (Ceyhan Pipeline) Tj 68.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0125 Tw ( ) Tj -273.12 -748.2 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 93.6 791.52 15.84 14.52 re h W n BT 93.6 794.88 TD 0.0176 Tc 0 Tw (106) Tj ET Q q 109.44 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 109.44 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 93.6 737.28 TD 0 Tc 1.8547 Tw (traffic through the Turkish Straits. With additional oil coming to the Black Sea) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0042 Tc 3.4547 Tw (from these two pipelines, as well as from the CPC pipeline, the narrow and) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0889 Tw (overcrowded Turkish Straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean would be) Tj 437.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -437.04 -16.68 TD -0.0055 Tc 3.7805 Tw (clogged by increased tanker traffic) Tj 193.68 0 TD -0.0173 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 11.16 0 TD -0.0153 Tc 3.8803 Tw (at levels which would eventually become) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -204.84 -16.8 TD -0.0028 Tc 1.3805 Tw (unsustainable. In addition to the environmental health and security of the Straits) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.2976 Tw (themselves, the physical security of Istanbul, a city of close to 15 million people and ) Tj T* 0.0688 Tc 3.0761 Tw (of incom) Tj 49.56 0 TD 0.0012 Tc 3.2419 Tw (parable world cultural heritage, could be damaged in case of a major) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -49.56 -16.8 TD 0.0035 Tc 2.9734 Tw (accident. The BTC pipeline would provide an alternative to transporting large) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0011 Tc 1.5206 Tw (amounts of crude oil through the Turkish Straits, and most importantly, directly) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0022 Tc 2.3987 Tw (through the heart of this hu) Tj 156 0 TD 0.0026 Tc 2.4223 Tw (ge city poised on both sides of the Bosporus. BTC) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -156 -16.8 TD -0.0026 Tc -0.0068 Tw (would bypass this choke point, delivering oil ) Tj 235.8 0 TD -0.0108 Tc 0.0958 Tw (directly to a safe, deep) Tj 115.92 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0331 Tc -0.0082 Tw (sea port.) Tj 43.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -399.84 -22.68 TD -0.0046 Tc 1.765 Tw (Hence, the Turkish approach was to consider the Turkish Straits not solely as a) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.8924 Tw (transportation corridor, but rather as a high) Tj 231.36 0 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.9371 Tw (ly sensitive lifeline of Istanbul and the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -231.36 -16.68 TD 0.0027 Tc 1.4623 Tw (Black Sea region. The companies, on the other hand, considered the Straits to be) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.994 Tw (commercially the cheapest option as opposed to pipelines for the transportation of) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0015 Tc 2.8235 Tw (Caspian oil. It took several more years for the co) Tj 278.52 0 TD -0.001 Tc 2.826 Tw (mpanies internalize the risks) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -278.52 -16.68 TD -0.0122 Tc 2.0125 Tw (associated with the Straits and recognize that the BTC pipeline was in the long) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0069 Tc 0.1118 Tw (term commercially a more sustainable option. ) Tj 241.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -241.8 -22.68 TD 0.0029 Tc 4.1381 Tw (The BTC pipeline project gained momentum following the October 29, 1998) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0106 Tc 10.2143 Tw (Ankara Declaration) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 126.96 0 TD 0.0535 Tc 10.0514 Tw (by Azerba) Tj 63.72 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 10.3218 Tw (ijan\222s Heydar Aliyev, Georgia\222s Eduard) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -190.68 -16.8 TD 0.0083 Tc 1.5767 Tw (Shevardnadze, Kazakhstan\222s Nursultan Nazarbayev, Turkey\222s Suleyman Demirel) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0011 Tc 2.4638 Tw (and Uzbekistan\222s Islam Karimov, witnessed by then) Tj 286.92 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0073 Tc 2.4177 Tw (U.S. Energy Secretary Bill) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -291.12 -16.68 TD 0.0009 Tc 1.8926 Tw (Richardson. This declaration, which expressed strong support for) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 357.6 0 TD -0.0108 Tc 1.8958 Tw (the BTC main) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -357.6 -16.8 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.8119 Tw (pipeline, was notable most especially because of Kazakhstan\222s participation. It was) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0099 Tc 1.5302 Tw (important because, at the time, it was unclear whether there was sufficient oil in) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.003 Tc 1.152 Tw (Azerbaijan to justify a major new pipeline. \(Today, such fears have been rev) Tj 410.4 0 TD 0.024 Tc 0.001 Tw (ealed ) Tj -410.4 -16.68 TD 0.0149 Tc 1.81 Tw (as unwarranted) Tj 82.32 0 TD -0.0173 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 11.16 0 TD 0.0057 Tc 1.8492 Tw (in fact, in order to accommodate eventual Kazakh participation) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -93.48 -16.68 TD -0.0038 Tc 2.7057 Tw (over the next decade, the pipeline may need to be expanded.\) For Turkey, the) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.001 Tc 0.7902 Tw (extension of the oil pipeline to Kazakhstan also meant that Ankara would have an) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0131 Tc 0.2519 Tw (important conn) Tj 81.48 0 TD 0.0111 Tc 0.2866 Tw (ection to Kazakhstan. \(A second part of the Ankara declaration was ) Tj -81.48 -16.8 TD 0.008 Tc 6.377 Tw (support for the Turkmenistan) Tj 175.08 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0151 Tc (Caspian) Tj 42.6 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0286 Tc (Caucasus) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0021 Tc (Turkey) Tj 39.12 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0104 Tc 6.3745 Tw (Europe gas pipeline) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj -322.68 -16.68 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.6722 Tw (project to enable Turkey to diversify its gas supply and turn itself into a major gas) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 0.0483 Tw (hub and transit country for Eu) Tj 159.12 0 TD -0.0102 Tc 0.2752 Tw (ropean markets.\)) Tj 88.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -247.32 -22.8 TD -0.001 Tc 6.506 Tw (Despite the political support behind the BTC project and the increasing) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0067 Tc 4.7103 Tw (understanding of the danger of the Bosporus chokepoint, the oil companies) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.006 Tc 7.2323 Tw (remained reluctant. They needed commercial incentives to commit to a) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0089 Tc 5.8361 Tw (complicated pipeline pro) Tj 139.68 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 5.8343 Tw (ject that would cross three countries with various) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -139.68 -16.68 TD -0.0009 Tc 4.1725 Tw (economic and political difficulties. They were relieved when the Baku) Tj 402 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0954 Tw (Supsa ) Tj -406.2 -16.8 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.1695 Tw (pipeline became operational without incident in April 1999, marking the completion ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.017 Tc 0.928 Tw (of the first non) Tj 81.24 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0219 Tc 1.0069 Tw (Russian East) Tj 67.44 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.9817 Tw (West pipeline. ) Tj 1.0128 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 90.96 0 TD -0.0019 Tc 1.0108 Tw (fter BP completed its acquisition of) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 377 0 obj 7488 endobj 378 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 366 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 15 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 379 0 R >> endobj 379 0 obj << /Length 380 0 R >> stream BT 265.56 794.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (Turkey) Tj 35.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -218.28 -747 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 486.36 791.52 15.48 14.52 re h W n BT 486.36 794.88 TD 0.0541 Tc 0 Tw (107) Tj ET Q q 501.84 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 501.84 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 64.8 737.28 TD 0.0101 Tc 1.2149 Tw (Amoco in April 1998, it became the principal operator of the AIOC consortium) Tj 425.88 0 TD -0.0173 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj -425.88 -16.68 TD 0.0054 Tc 2.616 Tw (simplifying operations, as political leaders only had one main company to deal) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.006 Tc 2.1309 Tw (with. The strong commitment of the three countries to make the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 363.84 0 TD 0.0147 Tc 2.0503 Tw (BTC pipeline) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -363.84 -16.68 TD -0.0011 Tc 2.7424 Tw (commercially viable, as well as the continued close participation of the United) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.0593 Tw (States, played a huge role in the companies\222 final positive decision. ) Tj 350.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -350.28 -22.68 TD 0.0123 Tc 0.2618 Tw (The Turkish government realized that, in order to convince the companies to agree ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0091 Tc 2.2541 Tw (to the pip) Tj 54.24 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 2.3719 Tw (eline, it needed to make serious concessions, especially a guarantee of) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -54.24 -16.8 TD 0.0056 Tc 1.3302 Tw (coverage for cost overruns. While the Turkish section of the BTC, like the other) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0106 Tc 1.1221 Tw (sections, would be fully financed by the BTC investors, given that the pipeline is) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0 Tc 1.7051 Tw (longest in Turkey \(o) Tj 112.56 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 1.7401 Tw (f the pipeline\222s 1,768 km, the Turkish section is 1,076 km in) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -112.56 -16.8 TD 0.0117 Tc 1.5951 Tw (length\), and that BOTAS was to be the turnkey contractor, Turkish concessions) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0122 Tc 0.0886 Tw (were key to make the project work. ) Tj 186.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -186.12 -22.8 TD 0.0027 Tc 0.9689 Tw (After several months of negotiations, the intergovernmental agreement in support) Tj 437.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -437.04 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 0.5548 Tw (of the BTC pipeline was signed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey on November) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.9215 Tw (18, 1999, during the OSCE Summit in Istanbul. In addition, there were three Host) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0043 Tc 5.592 Tw (Government Agreements \(HGAs\) supporting BTC investors in Azerbaijan,) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0167 Tc 0.2516 Tw (Georgia and Turkey, as well) Tj 148.2 0 TD -0.0103 Tc 0.188 Tw ( as a Fixed Price Lump Sum Turnkey Agreement and a ) Tj -148.2 -16.8 TD 0.0062 Tc 2.3521 Tw (Turkish Government Guarantee for the Turkish section of the pipeline) Tj 392.76 0 TD 0.0285 Tc 2.2765 Tw (. At the) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -392.76 -16.68 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.0587 Tw (same summit presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey and Kazakhstan signed the ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0012 Tc 1.3437 Tw (Istanbul Declaration in further support of the ) Tj 1.3603 Tc 0 Tw (B) Tj 257.4 0 TD -0.0037 Tc 1.3726 Tw (TC. President Bill Clinton of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -257.4 -16.8 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 10.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0807 Tw ( witnessed the ceremony and later said that the completion of these agreements ) Tj -23.64 -16.68 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.0575 Tw (was one of his \223most important foreign policy achievements of 1999\224.) Tj 361.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -361.32 -22.68 TD 0.0057 Tc 5.2542 Tw (Indeed, these agreements provided the political and commercial reassur) Tj 413.76 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 0.0362 Tw (ance ) Tj -413.76 -16.8 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.0655 Tw (necessary for oil companies to take BTC seriously as it committed the governments ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.4117 Tw (to ensure that oil out of the Caspian Sea would be developed and transported along ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0088 Tc 1.6898 Tw (commercially viable, secure and environmentally safe routes in a timely manner.) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0359 Tc 3.9009 Tw (The IG) Tj 42.96 0 TD 0.0161 Tc 3.7528 Tw (A signaled the support of three governments for the project, ensured) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -42.96 -16.68 TD 0.0078 Tc 4.119 Tw (commercial terms for work in the countries, provided for the application of) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0059 Tc 0 Tw (European) Tj 49.56 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0 Tc 0.9056 Tw (quality environmental and technical standards, and obliged each state to) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -53.76 -16.68 TD 0.0074 Tc 1.2475 Tw (provide security for the proj) Tj 150.96 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 1.3139 Tw (ect. The HGAs are more specific agreements reached) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -150.96 -16.8 TD 0.0064 Tc 1.9652 Tw (between individual governments and the project investors to provide uniformity) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0027 Tc 1.2463 Tw (and consistency across the three countries in technical, environmental, safety and) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0105 Tc 1.3644 Tw (security standards. These agreements clearl) Tj 231.36 0 TD 0.0054 Tc 1.3635 Tw (y placed regional cooperation ahead of) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -231.36 -16.8 TD 0.0014 Tc 5.2436 Tw (extracting maximum commercial terms for each individual country, further) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.001 Tc 0.0348 Tw (underlining the importance of the BTC project to all three countries. ) Tj 360.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -360.96 -22.8 TD -0.0048 Tc 1.9978 Tw (In the Turkish case, since BOTAS was for the first time) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 318.72 0 TD 0.0297 Tc 1.9153 Tw (going to be) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 66.48 0 TD -0.0228 Tc 1.9678 Tw (a tur) Tj 26.16 0 TD 0.0084 Tc 0.1366 Tw (nkey ) Tj -411.36 -16.68 TD 0.0085 Tc 3.0405 Tw (contractor, the HGA also included the Turkish government\222s assurance to the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0048 Tc 0.2509 Tw (investors on its performance. On October 19, 2000, the MEP participants signed the ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0026 Tc 2.0983 Tw (Turnkey Agreement with BOTAS that assigned it responsibility as the turnkey) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 380 0 obj 6585 endobj 381 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 366 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 15 0 R /F9 384 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 382 0 R >> endobj 382 0 obj << /Length 383 0 R >> stream BT 239.52 796.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0.0393 Tw (The Baku) Tj 41.4 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0213 Tc (Tbilisi) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0 Tc (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0372 Tw (Ceyhan Pipeline) Tj 68.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0125 Tw ( ) Tj -273.12 -748.2 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 93.6 791.52 15.84 14.52 re h W n BT 93.6 794.88 TD 0.0301 Tc 0 Tw (108) Tj ET Q q 109.44 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 109.44 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 93.6 737.28 TD 0.0073 Tc 1.6376 Tw (contractor for ) Tj 1.5542 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 82.56 0 TD -0.0114 Tc 1.7697 Tw (he engineering, design and construction of the Turkish section of) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -82.56 -16.68 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.2156 Tw (the BTC pipeline. The Turnkey Agreement is a lump) Tj 280.56 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0074 Tc 0.1135 Tw (sum fixed price contract, and ) Tj -284.88 -16.8 TD 0.006 Tc 5.0057 Tw (contains a $300 million Turkish government guarantee of compensation for) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0177 Tc 0.1026 Tw (investors in case of a cost overrun.) Tj 179.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -179.52 -22.8 TD -0.0054 Tc 3.977 Tw (After these important agreements, studies were completed and financing was) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0158 Tc 1.3463 Tw (arranged, enabling construction to begin in 2002 in time for the first tanker to be) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0023 Tc 0.0377 Tw (loaded from Ceyhan in the fall of 2005. ) Tj 205.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -205.44 -22.8 TD 0.0156 Tc 0.4094 Tw (As this brief background makes clear, the BTC project ca) Tj 301.56 0 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.3274 Tw (nnot be considered just as ) Tj -301.56 -16.68 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.4256 Tw (a commercial project, but is a key part of a broad vision for Turkey and its regional) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0043 Tc 0.0292 Tw (allies. ) Tj 32.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -32.88 -37.56 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.0078 Tc -0.0222 Tw (Economic Impact) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.03 Tw ( ) Tj -107.52 -21 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0 Tc 0.7988 Tw (The BTC pipeline was conceived and promoted by Turkey mainly for geopolitical) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0098 Tc 5.5848 Tw (reasons, with economic arguments largely) Tj 240.96 0 TD 0.002 Tc 5.4529 Tw ( absent from the decision) Tj 152.4 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0245 Tc 0.0494 Tw (making ) Tj -397.8 -16.8 TD -0 Tc 3.1692 Tw (process. Nevertheless, for Turkey the long) Tj 237.24 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 3.1967 Tw (term economic outlook for BTC is) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -241.44 -16.68 TD 0.0134 Tc 3.3716 Tw (positive; over the full 40) Tj 139.92 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.007 Tc 3.393 Tw (year term of the project, the economic benefits will) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -144.12 -16.68 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0642 Tw (gradually become visible. ) Tj 134.76 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -134.76 -22.8 TD 0.0063 Tc 1.3986 Tw (Relative to the size of its GDP, the dir) Tj 210.96 0 TD 0.0141 Tc 1.3709 Tw (ect revenue that Turkey will receive from) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj -210.96 -16.68 TD 0.0022 Tc 0.4513 Tw (the project is admittedly small and is certainly not comparable to the impact it will) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0104 Tc 2.9246 Tw (have on the public finances of Azerbaijan and Georgia. Turkey is expected to) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0115 Tc 0.0991 Tw (receive between $140 and $200 million annually from) Tj 273.84 0 TD 0.0101 Tc 0.0548 Tw ( transit and operating fees after ) Tj -273.84 -16.68 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.3873 Tw (the pipeline begins operation. However, this amount is guaranteed to increase after ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.003 Tc 1.252 Tw (16 years, to between $200 and $300 million per year. As shown in the table below,) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0085 Tc 1.5002 Tw (these fees are based upon the amount of oil transported.) Tj 302.4 0 TD -0.0019 Tc 1.5868 Tw ( The maximum amounts) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -302.4 -16.68 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.5728 Tw (are based on the pipeline\222s maximum capacity of 50 million metric tons per annum) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.1299 Tw (\(MTA\), which is approximately 1 million barrels per day. ) Tj 303.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -303.72 -24 TD /F9 12.48 Tf 0.0538 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -22.8 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.0093 Tc 0.0357 Tw (Transit and operating fees payable to Turkey:) Tj 238.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -202.68 -22.68 TD -0.0163 Tc 0.0413 Tw (Years 1 ) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0451 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0.0186 Tc 0.0064 Tw ( 16: ) Tj 19.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 6.36 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0159 Tc 0.0409 Tw (Years 17) Tj 42.72 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0438 Tc (40:) Tj 15.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -242.04 -22.8 TD -0.0401 Tc 0.0651 Tw (35 MTA) Tj 43.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 28.68 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.1709 Tw ($140 millio) Tj 55.2 0 TD -0.1363 Tc 0.0413 Tw (n ) Tj 10.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 6.72 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0401 Tc 0.0651 Tw (35 MTA) Tj 43.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 28.68 0 TD 0.001 Tc 0.1439 Tw ($204 million) Tj 63.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -351.36 -22.68 TD -0.0129 Tc 0.0378 Tw (40 MTA) Tj 45.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 26.28 0 TD -0.0175 Tc 0.0425 Tw ($160 million ) Tj 65.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 6.72 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0129 Tc 0.0378 Tw (40 MTA) Tj 45.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 26.28 0 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.1384 Tw ($234 million) Tj 62.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -350.04 -22.8 TD -0.0307 Tc 0.0557 Tw (45 MTA) Tj 44.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 27.36 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0.0391 Tw ($180 million ) Tj 65.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 6.72 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0307 Tc 0.0557 Tw (45 MTA) Tj 44.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 27.36 0 TD -0.0187 Tc 0.0436 Tw ($263 million ) Tj 65.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -353.16 -22.68 TD -0.0282 Tc 0.0532 Tw (50 MTA) Tj 44.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 27.36 0 TD 0.0022 Tc 0.1428 Tw ($200 million) Tj 63.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 8.52 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0282 Tc 0.0532 Tw (50 MTA) Tj 44.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 27.36 0 TD 0.0045 Tc 0.1404 Tw ($292 million) Tj 62.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -386.28 -24 TD /F9 12.48 Tf 0.0538 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -22.08 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.0042 Tc 5.7019 Tw (Even at $300 million per year, however, these revenues will be relatively) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0069 Tc 1.2181 Tw (insignificant. 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Tj 175.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 1.1701 Tw (In order to draw a more complete picture of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -179.52 -16.68 TD 0.0017 Tc 3.4269 Tw (economic impact of BTC on Turkey, however, one must look beyond transit) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.001 Tc 0.0259 Tw (revenues. ) Tj 52.56 0 TD 0.0189 Tc 0.1261 Tw (The ) Tj 24.6 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.2359 Tw (Turkish national oil and gas com) Tj 172.8 0 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.1888 Tw (pany TPAO has a 6.5% share in the ) Tj -249.96 -16.68 TD -0.0218 Tc 0.0467 Tw (BTC ) Tj 32.28 0 TD 0.0133 Tc 0.1316 Tw (pipeline ) Tj 47.76 0 TD -0.0049 Tc 3.0032 Tw (and will also receive additional revenue from its investment. In) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -80.04 -16.8 TD -0.0119 Tc 2.723 Tw (addition to what BOTAS estimates will be an inflow of $1.4 billion in foreign) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0104 Tc 3.6812 Tw (capital, there will also be employment and other economic benefits) Tj 381.12 0 TD 0.0229 Tc 3.6021 Tw ( from the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -381.12 -16.68 TD 0.003 Tc 0.042 Tw (construction and operation of the pipeline. ) Tj 224.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -224.4 -22.8 TD -0.0067 Tc 1.9688 Tw (In fact, the construction of the BTC pipeline has had a very positive impact on) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0083 Tc 2.0567 Tw (unemployment. ) Tj 2.0928 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 97.56 0 TD 0.0138 Tc 2.0511 Tw (ccording to BOTAS figures, BTC employed over 5,000 people) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -97.56 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 5.0453 Tw (during construction. This is an important figure) Tj 280.68 0 TD 0.0191 Tc 4.9259 Tw ( given high unemployment) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -280.68 -16.8 TD 0.0119 Tc 1.7258 Tw (numbers in the eastern and southeastern parts of Turkey. Furthermore, 400 full) Tj 432.72 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -432.72 -16.68 TD 0.0042 Tc 4.7444 Tw (time positions will be retained once operations begin. In addition to direct) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0012 Tc 2.1704 Tw (employment, the construction and operation of the pipeline have stimulated) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 420.48 0 TD 0.0246 Tc 0 Tw (the ) Tj -420.48 -16.68 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0997 Tw (creation of jobs in support industries, as well as in the general economy.) Tj 374.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -374.4 -22.68 TD -0.0099 Tc 5.6149 Tw (A further long) Tj 86.64 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.006 Tc 5.6189 Tw (term economic benefit will be infrastructure improvements.) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -90.84 -16.8 TD -0.0041 Tc 3.581 Tw (According to World Bank estimates, BOTAS is likely to generate significant) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 0.3844 Tw (profits. If invested wisely,) Tj 137.88 0 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.3199 Tw ( these funds can turn BOTAS into a world) Tj 225.6 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0081 Tc 0.1968 Tw (class pipeline ) Tj -367.68 -16.8 TD 0.0071 Tc 1.2779 Tw (operator, increasing its chances for participation in future major pipeline projects.) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0022 Tc 2.3387 Tw (Furthermore, the process of constructing and operating the pipeline will greatly) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0068 Tc 1.1382 Tw (improve the technological capabil) Tj 178.08 0 TD 0.0101 Tc 1.2149 Tw (ity and know) Tj 71.28 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0044 Tc 1.1206 Tw (how both of BOTAS and of other) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -253.68 -16.8 TD -0.0059 Tc 2.1078 Tw (Turkish contractors, who for the first time ever are completing a project in full) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0026 Tc 3.8675 Tw (compliance with the highest international environmental, health, and security) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0058 Tc 3.2193 Tw (standards. They are likely to transfer this knowledg) Tj 291.96 0 TD 0.009 Tc 3.166 Tw (e to many other domestic) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -291.96 -16.8 TD 0 Tc 0.0542 Tw (projects in the future. ) Tj 115.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -115.2 -22.68 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.0975 Tw (The work has also thus far complied with international norms against corruption.) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0158 Tc 0.9408 Tw (As the single) Tj 69.6 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.084 Tc (most) Tj 25.8 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0039 Tc 0.8689 Tw (scrutinized public) Tj 93.72 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.9265 Tw (private partnership to date in Turkey, it has) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -202.08 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 0.0781 Tw (set a new standard. In the words of the B) Tj 213.96 0 TD 0.0265 Tc 0.1784 Tw (OTAS leadership, \223) Tj 104.28 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.1569 Tw (This is the single most ) Tj -318.24 -16.68 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.6867 Tw (challenging project done by BOTAS: and we have done it for the most demanding) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0015 Tc 2.9034 Tw (client [BP]) Tj 60.84 0 TD -0.0014 Tc 3.0263 Tw ( in the world.\224) Tj 84.6 0 TD 0.0103 Tc 2.9246 Tw ( While corruption has been endemic to the Turkish) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -145.44 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 2.545 Tw (energy sector, there are no serious) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 194.88 0 TD 0.0185 Tc 0 Tw (reasons) Tj 38.88 0 TD 0.0275 Tc 2.5174 Tw ( to doubt that th) Tj 94.92 0 TD -0.0121 Tc 2.5871 Tw (e work of the BTC) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -328.68 -16.8 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.0354 Tw (project has been carried out transparently and professionally. ) Tj 320.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -320.52 -22.68 TD -0 Tc 0.8006 Tw (One very important element of BTC for the broader Turkish economy will be the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.3735 Tw (ability to purchase crude oil at a lower price thanks to reduced transportation costs. ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0058 Tc 2.3107 Tw (When the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 60.6 0 TD -0.0122 Tc 2.3652 Tw (maximum capacity of 50 million tons per annum is reached, Turkey) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -60.6 -16.68 TD 0.0172 Tc 1.9411 Tw (plans to purchase up to 20 million tons of oil) Tj 248.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0119 Tc 2.0531 Tw (for domestic consumption) Tj 140.52 0 TD 0.0103 Tc 2.0547 Tw (. It also) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -394.2 -16.8 TD 0.0041 Tc 0.4209 Tw (plans to increase its strategic petroleum reserve capacity, which amplifies the value ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.013 Tc 0.068 Tw (of BTC to supply securit) Tj 129.48 0 TD -0.0259 Tc -0.0091 Tw (y and ) Tj 31.92 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.0389 Tw (price stability in the country.) 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Together with ) Tj 145.56 0 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.1721 Tw (BOTAS, they tried to follow these guidelines as closely ) Tj -145.56 -16.68 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.2935 Tw (as possible, thus reducing any serious negative impact. In environmental terms, on ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.4146 Tw (balance BTC will be a net contributor to environmental health, since it reduces the ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0026 Tc 4.1024 Tw (volume of oil transiting the Tur) Tj 186.84 0 TD 0.036 Tc 4.069 Tw (kish Straits) Tj 63.84 0 TD 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 4.1947 Tw ( as mentioned above. The BTC) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -253.8 -16.8 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.6963 Tw (companies have also made significant investments, as required by the World Bank) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 1.9674 Tw (and other international financial institutions, to ensure that the BTC pipeline is) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0021 Tc 6.3829 Tw (constructed with the \223best available\224 environmental) Tj 303.24 0 TD -0.2093 Tc 0 Tw (ly) Tj 10.2 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0097 Tc 6.2553 Tw (friendly technologies.) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -317.64 -16.8 TD 0.0123 Tc 0.8896 Tw (Unlike other pipelines in Turkey, the BTC pipeline is buried, in part to minimize) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0015 Tc 6.2665 Tw (environmental damage.) Tj 129.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 9.24 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 6.182 Tw (The project partners have also engaged in regular) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -138.36 -16.68 TD 0.0046 Tc 2.9604 Tw (consultations with NGO) Tj 136.92 0 TD -0 Tc 3.0016 Tw (s and with the local population) Tj 175.08 0 TD 0.0224 Tc 2.9226 Tw (. These meetings have) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj -312 -16.8 TD -0.0221 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 2.3788 Tw (erved to increase local residents\222 awareness of environmentally sensitive issues) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -4.92 -16.68 TD -0.0022 Tc 6.4198 Tw (that many had not considered before. This has, in turn, increased their) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0019 Tc 0.0668 Tw (commitment to protect their environmentally sensitive areas.) Tj 320.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD ( ) Tj -323.76 -22.68 TD -0.0141 Tc 0.7591 Tw (The key agreements and significant docume) Tj 233.52 0 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.7382 Tw (nts on local impact are available at the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -233.52 -16.68 TD -0.0065 Tc 0.7188 Tw (\223Caspian Development and Export\224 website. This level of disclosure has made the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.004 Tc 2.9432 Tw (BTC project the most transparent pipeline to date.) Tj 282.84 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf -0.023 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 3 -5.52 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.0054 Tc 2.8995 Tw ( Since the posting of these) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -285.84 -16.68 TD -0.0077 Tc 1.3184 Tw (critical documents in 2000, local and international NGOs) Tj 306.48 0 TD 0.0071 Tc 1.2179 Tw ( have been able to study) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -306.48 -16.8 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.3753 Tw (these documents and question the BTC Corporation, the Turkish government, and ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0032 Tc 1.2917 Tw (BOTAS when necessary. This level of openness has ensured that the project will) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0027 Tc 0.0373 Tw (maintain local support for the next four decades. ) Tj 255.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -255.96 -22.8 TD 0.0048 Tc 0.8001 Tw (To promote sustainable) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 128.52 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.8209 Tw (social and economic development within the communities) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -128.52 -16.68 TD 0.0088 Tc 5.5495 Tw (affected by the pipeline\222s construction, the BTC Corporation established a) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0038 Tc 3.9983 Tw (Community Investment Program \(CIP\) focusing on sustainable development,) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.041 Tw (particularly agriculture. The) Tj 149.76 0 TD -0.0976 Tc 1.0826 Tw ( CIP) Tj 25.68 0 TD -0.0031 Tc 1.0681 Tw ( has allocated approx) Tj 111.96 0 TD -0.0116 Tc 1.0865 Tw (imately $9 million for social) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -287.4 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 1.4247 Tw (and economic development along the pipeline\222s route in Turkey. This is a much) Tj 432.72 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -432.72 -16.8 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.0981 Tw (needed investment in one of Turkey\222s least developed regions. ) Tj 327.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -327.36 -22.68 TD 0.0033 Tc 3.8072 Tw (The BTC pipeline has ironically also helped Turkey to deal effectively with) Tj 437.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -437.04 -16.68 TD 0.0289 Tc 0 Tw (internati) Tj 45.24 0 TD -0.0076 Tc 4.1926 Tw (onal human rights NGO) Tj 142.2 0 TD 0 Tc 4.1192 Tw (s who have tried to prevent the project on) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -187.44 -16.8 TD 0.0047 Tc 1.493 Tw (grounds of potential impact on Kurdish human rights. Following the war against) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0009 Tc 7.4774 Tw (the Kurdish PKK terrorist organization in Turkey, many human rights) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0126 Tc 6.6423 Tw (organizations have characterized the Turkish) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 272.4 0 TD 0.0019 Tc 6.623 Tw (state\222s human) Tj 78.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 9.84 0 TD 0.0061 Tc 6.6189 Tw (rights record,) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -360.96 -16.68 TD 0.0019 Tc 3.2958 Tw (especially regarding its Kurdish citizens, as rather dismal. After the prospect) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0165 Tc 1.0701 Tw (emerged of a major oil pipeline crossing ethnically) Tj 268.8 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.9789 Tw (Kurdish parts of Turkey, these) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -273 -37.32 TD ( ) Tj 93.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 93.6 94.2 144 0.6 re f BT 237.6 91.56 TD ( ) Tj -144 -15.6 TD /F0 6 Tf 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 2.28 -3.96 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.004 Tc 1.9938 Tw ( http://www.caspiandevelopmentandexport.com. See David Blatchford\222s chapter in this volume for a detailed) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj -2.28 -10.56 TD -0.0119 Tc 0.0999 Tw (discussion of this issue.) Tj 87.84 0 TD 0 Tc 0.048 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 392 0 obj 7189 endobj 393 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 387 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 15 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 394 0 R >> endobj 394 0 obj << /Length 395 0 R >> stream BT 265.56 794.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (Turkey) Tj 35.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -218.28 -747 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 490.32 791.52 11.52 14.52 re h W n BT 490.32 794.88 TD 0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (111) Tj ET Q q 501.84 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 501.84 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 64.8 737.28 TD 0.0038 Tc 3.4411 Tw (organizations immediately assumed that Turkish security forces) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 362.76 0 TD -0.013 Tc 3.638 Tw (would violate) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -362.76 -16.68 TD 0.014 Tc 0.0109 Tw (Kurdish human rights) Tj 115.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.0674 Tw (under the pretext of \223pipeline security\224) Tj 204.6 0 TD -0.0701 Tc -0.025 Tw (. ) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -329.4 -22.8 TD -0.0015 Tc 0.6542 Tw (However, following the ESIA findings, the pipeline\222s route did not take it into the) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.01 Tc 1.7888 Tw (most sensitive areas in Turkey, and in areas where there could have been ethnic) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0206 Tc 0 Tw (tension) Tj 38.28 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (,) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0246 Tc 5.1603 Tw ( the ) Tj 5.137 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 42.12 0 TD 0.0036 Tc 5.1985 Tw (urkish government has committed itself to following highest) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -83.52 -16.68 TD 0.007 Tc 4.2579 Tw (international standards. Turkey has signed onto the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 302.52 0 TD -0.0013 Tc 4.2263 Tw (Voluntary Principles on) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj -302.52 -16.68 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.5504 Tw (Security and Human Rights within the framework of the international agreements) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0052 Tc 1.3844 Tw (to which it is party; these agreements ha) Tj 219.48 0 TD -0.0132 Tc 1.4301 Tw (ve been entered into national legislation.) 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This long) Tj 253.2 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0107 Tc 2.1476 Tw (term linkage has caused all three) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -257.4 -16.68 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.4963 Tw (states to be more cautious in their mutual interactio) Tj 272.64 0 TD 0.0121 Tc 0.3728 Tw (n. Even at times of particularly ) Tj -272.64 -16.8 TD 0.0097 Tc 3.048 Tw (harsh economic or political disputes, leaders have been trying to resolve them) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.3845 Tw (quickly. Thanks to regular meetings in each other\222s capitals, government officials) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0115 Tc 2.5325 Tw (from the three states have become much more familiar with one) Tj 358.44 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 2.4862 Tw ( another. 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While his ostensible reaso) Tj 209.88 0 TD -0.0061 Tc 3.831 Tw (n for visiting Baku was the Azerbaijani) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -209.88 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 1.3775 Tw (military academy graduation ceremony, the timing was such that when the show) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.009 Tc 1.0401 Tw (team of the Turkish Air Forces \(Turkish Stars\) made its display, it was perceived) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0037 Tc 4.1972 Tw (in Tehran \(and in Yerevan\) as a clear signal that Turkey) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 344.64 0 TD -0.0073 Tc 4.1723 Tw (was standing by) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -344.64 -16.68 TD -0.012 Tc 0 Tw (Azerbaijan.) Tj 59.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -59.88 -28.8 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.008 Tc 0 Tw (Georgia) Tj 38.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -38.52 -22.68 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.0139 Tc 0.1989 Tw (Turkish relations with ) Tj 121.56 0 TD -0.0144 Tc -0.2006 Tw (Georgia ) Tj 44.76 0 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.1989 Tw (have also been very positively affected as a result of ) Tj -166.32 -16.68 TD 0.0117 Tc 2.5332 Tw (the BTC project. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Turkish political) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.9647 Tw (leaders were at first only interested in the Turkic and) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 290.04 0 TD 0.0103 Tc 0.8847 Tw (Muslim states of the region) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -290.04 -16.68 TD -0.0253 Tc 0.1359 Tw (and did not pay much attention to mainly) Tj 218.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.1066 Tw (Christian Georgia. 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Together with the ) Tj 0.7238 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 377.76 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.7532 Tw (, Turkey) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -391.2 -16.8 TD -0.0078 Tc 6.0927 Tw (and Georgia have also formed a ) Tj 6.0374 Tc 0 Tw (C) Tj 213.24 0 TD 0.0058 Tc 6.0491 Tw (aucasus Working Group for improved) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -213.24 -16.68 TD -0.0038 Tc 4.4021 Tw (cooperation and coordination and further training for the Georgian military.) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0049 Tc 3.0899 Tw (Georgia has long expressed interest in NATO membership, and following the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0083 Tc 0.0833 Tw (peaceful Rose Revolution in November 2003, it submitted its Individual) Tj 372.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0152 Tw (Partnership ) Tj -376.08 -16.68 TD -0.0154 Tc 0.1003 Tw (Action Plan \(IP) Tj 82.92 0 TD -0.003 Tc 0.052 Tw (AP\) to NATO at its June 2004 summit in Istanbul. ) Tj 269.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -352.56 -22.68 TD -0.0011 Tc 3.806 Tw (While Turkey\222s relations with both Azerbaijan and Georgia are friendly, the) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.005 Tw (quality of the relations has deteriorated since 2000. Demirel was the anchor of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0172 Tc 1.2421 Tw (trilateral relatio) Tj 82.8 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.1939 Tw (ns and personally was interested in the BTC pipeline as a historic) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -82.8 -16.8 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.8691 Tw (project that would change the geopolitics of the region. He also had close personal) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.005 Tc 2.9699 Tw (relations with his two counterparts. His successor) Tj 277.08 0 TD 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0035 Tc 2.9285 Tw ( on the other hand, has not) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -280.2 -16.68 TD -0.0124 Tc 3.3374 Tw (shown any real interest in) Tj 148.44 0 TD 0.0017 Tc 3.2783 Tw ( these projects and the South Caucasus beyond the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -148.44 -16.8 TD 0.0132 Tc 1.966 Tw (requirements of his post. In addition, the foreign) Tj 267.96 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0134 Tc 1.9315 Tw (policy priorities of the current) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -272.16 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 0.9132 Tw (Turkish government, led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, lie elsewhere.) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.8416 Tw (Changes in leadership did not help the pro) Tj 226.08 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.7681 Tw (ject in either Azerbaijan or Georgia; the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -226.08 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 0.8246 Tw (death of Heydar Aliyev left a huge vacuum in Azerbaijan, while current Georgian) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0057 Tc 2.4738 Tw (President Mikheil Saakashvili has also not expressed great interest in the BTC) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0246 Tc 0 Tw (project. ) Tj 41.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -41.88 -22.68 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.501 Tw (With the most senior government leaders in th) Tj 249.12 0 TD 0.0125 Tc 0.3553 Tw (e three countries not focused on the ) Tj -249.12 -16.68 TD 0.0055 Tc 0.3795 Tw (energy and transport ) Tj 113.16 0 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.5574 Tw (corridor to the same degree as their predecessors, there is also) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -113.16 -16.8 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.2902 Tw (less care in keeping relations at the same level of closeness. With Turkey hoping to ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0039 Tc 3.6739 Tw (enter the EU, Azerbaijan still unable to move be) Tj 280.08 0 TD -0.0059 Tc 3.6309 Tw (yond the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 56.28 0 TD -0.0215 Tc 0 Tw (Nagorno) Tj 46.32 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.009 Tw (Karabakh ) Tj -386.88 -16.8 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.9266 Tw (dispute, and Georgia trying to normalize its relations with Russia while moving) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0034 Tc 1.5925 Tw (closer to the EU, it may be only natural that the East) Tj 292.8 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.6766 Tw (West corridor and its key) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -297 -16.68 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.048 Tw (anchor, the BTC project, would not forever remain on the agenda. ) Tj 347.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -347.64 -28.8 TD /F3 12.48 Tf 0.0045 Tc 0 Tw (Arm) Tj 22.44 0 TD -0.0053 Tc (enia) Tj 19.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -42 -22.68 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.0175 Tc 1.7892 Tw (Turkey has to a large degree tied its relations with) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 281.16 0 TD 0.0056 Tc -0.1007 Tw (Armenia ) Tj 51.24 0 TD -0.0089 Tc 1.7439 Tw (to a solution of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -332.4 -16.68 TD -0.0215 Tc 0 Tw (Nagorno) Tj 46.32 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0068 Tc 1.1461 Tw (Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In the midst of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -50.52 -16.8 TD -0.0099 Tc 2.8548 Tw (war in April 1993, Turkey closed its borders with Armenia, and despite strong) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.043 Tc 3.222 Tw (pressure from) Tj 75.36 0 TD 0.0106 Tc 3.3023 Tw ( the EU and the ) Tj 3.2438 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 112.32 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0 Tc 3.3501 Tw (, will not open them unless Armenia and) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -201.12 -16.68 TD 0.0014 Tc 1.5136 Tw (Azerbaijan reach some sort of an agreement first. Currently, after many years of) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0129 Tc 2.3724 Tw (negotiations, the two sides are close to an agreement, in which Armenia) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj 404.76 0 TD -0.0336 Tc 0.0586 Tw (would ) Tj -404.76 -16.68 TD 0.0101 Tc 1.1549 Tw (relinquish several territories it hol) Tj 182.16 0 TD -0.0033 Tc 1.194 Tw (ds outside of Karabakh, with the region\222s status) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -182.16 -16.68 TD -0.013 Tc 0.0722 Tw (to be decided at a later date. ) Tj 146.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 401 0 obj 7012 endobj 402 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 387 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 15 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 403 0 R >> endobj 403 0 obj << /Length 404 0 R >> stream BT 239.52 796.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0.0393 Tw (The Baku) Tj 41.4 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0213 Tc (Tbilisi) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0 Tc (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0372 Tw (Ceyhan Pipeline) Tj 68.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0125 Tw ( ) Tj -273.12 -748.2 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 93.6 791.52 13.68 14.52 re h W n BT 93.6 794.88 TD 0.0173 Tc 0 Tw (114) Tj ET Q q 107.28 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 107.28 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 93.6 737.28 TD -0.0197 Tc 0.9597 Tw (At its inception, BTC was conceived as a Baku) Tj 250.8 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.9625 Tw (Ceyhan direct pipeline, which due) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -255 -16.68 TD 0.0071 Tc 0.2763 Tw (to reasons of geography would directly cross Armenia. Heydar Aliyev hoped to use ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0234 Tc 0.1215 Tw (the prospect o) Tj 72.96 0 TD -0.0076 Tc 0.1618 Tw (f the pipeline crossing Armenia as an incentive for the latter to return ) Tj -72.96 -16.68 TD -0.0215 Tc 0 Tw (Nagorno) Tj 46.32 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0075 Tc 5.9146 Tw (Karabakh. When Yerevan refused, Azerbaijan \(with support from) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj -50.52 -16.8 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.4036 Tw (Turkey\) decided to deny Armenia integration into regional projects, and to deprive ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 3.3372 Tw (it of access to Western market) Tj 175.44 0 TD -0.0061 Tc 3.3739 Tw (s via Turkey. Clearly, Armenia has suffered a) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -175.44 -16.68 TD 0.0103 Tc 1.9947 Tw (significant loss due to the fact that the Baku) Tj 245.28 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0155 Tc 1.9594 Tw (Ceyhan pipeline now bypasses the) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -249.48 -16.8 TD 0 Tc 0.0698 Tw (country on the longer and costlier Georgian route. ) Tj 264.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -264.48 -22.68 TD -0.0055 Tc 4.1254 Tw (Armenia has also been left out of other East) Tj 261 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0 Tc 4.1853 Tw (West pipeline and commercial) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -265.2 -16.68 TD 0.0276 Tc 0 Tw (proj) Tj 20.64 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.5788 Tw (ects, thereby leaving it increasingly dependent on Russian and Iranian support.) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -20.64 -16.8 TD -0.0103 Tc 0.4353 Tw (This has caused serious concern in Turkey, especially among strategic thinkers and ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0051 Tc 3.3078 Tw (senior military officers. Believing Turkish policy towards Armenia to be held) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0261 Tc 1.8588 Tw (\223hostage\224 to Az) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0031 Tc 1.9747 Tw (erbaijan, this group believes that Turkish influence in the South) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -86.4 -16.68 TD -0.0085 Tc 2.368 Tw (Caucasus is severely handicapped. This group may yet force change in Turkish) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0155 Tc 0.0095 Tw (policy; ) Tj 39.84 0 TD -0.018 Tc 0 Tw (however) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.001 Tc 1.7659 Tw (, it remains likely that until an agreement on) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 251.76 0 TD -0.0044 Tc 0 Tw (Nagorno) Tj 46.44 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.009 Tw (Karabakh ) Tj -386.88 -16.8 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.1412 Tw (can be implemented, Ankara will no) Tj 189.36 0 TD -0.0036 Tc 0.0885 Tw (t resume relations with Armenia.) Tj 173.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -363 -28.68 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0016 Tc 0.0313 Tw (European Union) Tj 77.76 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -77.76 -22.68 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.045 Tc 0.7899 Tw (The East) Tj 47.52 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.7802 Tw (West pipelines are also very important for Turkey \(and even Azerbaijan) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -51.84 -16.8 TD -0.0118 Tc 1.5567 Tw (and Georgia\) as it proceeds with negotiations to enter the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 316.56 0 TD -0.0144 Tc 0 Tw (EU) Tj 17.88 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 1.4724 Tw (. On the one hand,) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -334.44 -16.68 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.8107 Tw (Turkey has already adopted EU environmental, soc) Tj 272.76 0 TD -0 Tc 0.7754 Tw (ial and human rights standards) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -272.76 -16.68 TD -0.0067 Tc 2.6031 Tw (during the several years it has worked on the BTC and the gas pipelines. The) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0139 Tc 1.3444 Tw (transparency and emphasis on community development brought by the extensive) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0008 Tc 2.6767 Tw (engagement of NGOs in the pipeline project are already working to transf) Tj 415.56 0 TD 0.0214 Tc -0.2365 Tw (orm ) Tj -415.56 -16.68 TD 0.0069 Tc 0.018 Tw (Turkish society, bringing it closer to the EU. ) Tj 240.36 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -240.36 -22.8 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.017 Tc 0.327 Tw (The EU will also directly benefit from the East) Tj 247.8 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.252 Tw (West energy corridor, as it seeks to ) Tj -252 -16.68 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.6518 Tw (diversify its own energy sources) Tj 170.4 0 TD -0.0173 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 11.16 0 TD -0.0154 Tc 0.6731 Tw (not just in oil, but also in gas. Turkey is in close) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -181.56 -16.8 TD 0.0165 Tc 0.2725 Tw (proximity to 70% of world\222s prov) Tj 174.84 0 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.3134 Tw (en gas reserves and is increasingly becoming a gas ) Tj -174.84 -16.68 TD -0.002 Tc 1.9041 Tw (and oil hub for world markets. It is already receiving gas from Russia, Iran and) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.539 Tw (North Africa and in the future will be obtaining supplies from Azerbaijan, Central) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0093 Tc 5.3471 Tw (Asia and even Iraq. Turkey, Greece and Bu) Tj 263.4 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 5.3968 Tw (lgaria are already working on) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -263.4 -16.68 TD 0.0124 Tc 4.2366 Tw (connecting their gas pipeline infrastructures to transport Caspian gas to EU) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0021 Tc 3.7688 Tw (markets; Austria, Hungary, Italy are just some of the countries interested in) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.0349 Tw (receiving gas from Turkey, thus increasing the security of their suppli) Tj 364.8 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0253 Tw (es. ) Tj 19.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -384.48 -22.68 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.7635 Tw (What the East) Tj 77.28 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.7854 Tw (West gas pipelines will provide the EU is gas diversification. Most) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -81.48 -16.8 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.6077 Tw (European markets are controlled by the Russian gas monopoly Gazprom; there is a) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0108 Tc 3.4242 Tw (desire on the EU\222s part to diversify, which means finding cheap and reliable) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0123 Tc 0 Tw (alternative) Tj 56.04 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0.652 Tw (s. Turkey clearly wants to present just such an alternative. 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Increased closeness between Turkey and the) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.0165 Tw (Caucasus/Central Asia would assist both with the EU\222s energy) Tj 337.68 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0082 Tc 1.0531 Tw (security goals and) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -341.88 -16.68 TD 0.0119 Tc 0.7631 Tw (the region\222s own reform processes. The challenge for the) Tj 300.96 0 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.8116 Tw ( EU is to address Russian) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -300.96 -16.8 TD -0.0071 Tc 3.342 Tw (efforts to avoid losing its monopoly power. The German firm Ruhrgaz has a) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0054 Tc 1.0504 Tw (strategic partnership with Gazprom that it does not wish to upset; however, some) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0012 Tc 0.6077 Tw (new EU members, such as the Baltic states, Poland, and Hungary, have a diff) Tj 410.28 0 TD 0.0106 Tc 0.1344 Tw (erent ) Tj -410.28 -16.8 TD 0.003 Tc 2.482 Tw (kind of relationship and experience with Russia and its use of energy leverage.) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 2.2552 Tw (These countries want to see a closer partnership with Turkey \(and via Turkey,) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0051 Tc 1.9698 Tw (with the Caspian and Middle Eastern gas producers\) for their own political and) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0157 Tc 0.0093 Tw (energy securi) Tj 69 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0635 Tw (ty and independence. ) Tj 113.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -182.64 -28.68 TD /F3 12.48 Tf 0.0155 Tc 0 Tw (Russia) Tj 31.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -31.56 -22.68 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.0027 Tc 4.2223 Tw (Turkey\222s relations with) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 138.36 0 TD -0.0155 Tc -0.0795 Tw (Russia ) Tj 41.16 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 4.1111 Tw (at times) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 52.92 0 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.1342 Tw (became ) Tj 46.08 0 TD 0.0085 Tc 4.1204 Tw (very tense due to the BTC) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -278.52 -16.8 TD 0.0116 Tc 1.8134 Tw (agreements. The Russian government perceived) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 262.32 0 TD 0.018 Tc 1.831 Tw (the BTC pipeline to be \221against\222) Tj 174.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -437.04 -16.68 TD 0.0049 Tc 3.548 Tw (Russian interests and opposed the project. Turkey feared that Moscow would) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0528 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 6.48 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.4366 Tw (revent the pipeline\222s construction; after all, Russia was actively involved in all the ) Tj -6.48 -16.8 TD 0.004 Tc 0.5409 Tw (major conflicts in the South Caucasus \(supporting the Abkhaz and) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 356.16 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.2579 Tw (South Ossetian ) Tj -356.16 -16.68 TD 0.0154 Tc 0.3695 Tw (separatist forces) Tj 84.24 0 TD 0.0075 Tc 0.4494 Tw ( against Georgia and assisting Armen) Tj 197.76 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.4274 Tw (ia in the war with Azerbaijan ) Tj -282 -16.8 TD -0.0046 Tc 0 Tw (over) Tj 22.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0.0595 Tc 0 Tw (N) Tj 10.8 0 TD -0.035 Tc (agorno) Tj 35.64 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 1.5218 Tw (Karabakh\) and could reignite them at any time, thus scaring away) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj -78.12 -16.68 TD 0.0011 Tc 1.2675 Tw (international investors. Moscow backed down on its vocal opposition to the BTC) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.6445 Tw (pipeline only after realizing the depth of the ) Tj 0.6038 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 248.4 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.6826 Tw ( commitment to it. In fact, while) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -261.84 -16.8 TD 0.0358 Tc 0.3492 Tw (accusing the U) Tj 78.24 0 TD 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0298 Tc 0.3552 Tw ( of) Tj 14.16 0 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.3689 Tw ( backing the BTC for political reasons and claiming the project ) Tj -105.84 -16.68 TD 0.0085 Tc 1.5045 Tw (has no commercial viability, the Russian government rejected the Russian Lukoil) Tj 0 Tc -0.215 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0362 Tc 0 Tw (company) Tj 47.76 0 TD 0 Tc 0.9847 Tw (\222s desire) Tj 42.72 0 TD 0.0758 Tc 0.7891 Tw ( to) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 18.48 0 TD 0.0075 Tc 0.9774 Tw (participate in) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 73.92 0 TD 0.0149 Tc 0.8951 Tw (the BTC project. Now that the BTC pipeline is) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -182.88 -16.8 TD 0.0088 Tc 1.7262 Tw (almost complete, Turkey still ) Tj 1.7885 Tc 0 Tw (h) Tj 170.52 0 TD 0.0085 Tc 1.7564 Tw (opes that some Russian oil will flow through the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -170.52 -16.68 TD -0.0167 Tc 0 Tw (pipeline) Tj 41.52 0 TD -0.0173 Tc (\227) Tj 11.16 0 TD 0 Tc 1.2353 Tw (not because there is need for throughput, but rather to increase regional) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -52.68 -16.8 TD 0.001 Tc 0.0239 Tw (cooperation. ) Tj 67.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -67.08 -22.68 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.3005 Tw (The Russian opposition to BTC was taken so seriously by the Turkish government ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 0.7445 Tw (that, in order to reduce bilate) Tj 154.2 0 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.778 Tw (ral tensions, it agreed to the massive Blue Stream gas) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -154.2 -16.8 TD 0.0132 Tc 0.0438 Tw (pipeline to transport 16 bcm annually of Russian gas under the Black Sea to Turkey. ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0047 Tc 1.8631 Tw (The argument in favor of the project was that Turkey and Russia are two giant) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0102 Tc 1.6432 Tw (neighbors that would gain from cooperat) Tj 220.32 0 TD 0.0008 Tc 1.6322 Tw (ion instead of competition. 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These plans bore fruit in 1998, when Turkmenistan agreed to) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0119 Tc 1.7464 Tw (supply Turkey with 30 bcm of gas annually, of whi) Tj 281.28 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.7731 Tw (ch 16 bcm were for domestic) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 408 0 obj 7390 endobj 409 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 406 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 15 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 410 0 R >> endobj 410 0 obj << /Length 411 0 R >> stream BT 239.52 796.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0.0393 Tw (The Baku) Tj 41.4 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0213 Tc (Tbilisi) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0 Tc (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0372 Tw (Ceyhan Pipeline) Tj 68.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0125 Tw ( ) Tj -273.12 -748.2 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 93.6 791.52 13.68 14.52 re h W n BT 93.6 794.88 TD 0.0048 Tc 0 Tw (116) Tj ET Q q 107.28 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 107.28 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 93.6 737.28 TD -0.0037 Tc 1.5487 Tw (consumption, and the remainder) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 178.56 0 TD 0.0576 Tc 1.4074 Tw (to be) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 31.44 0 TD 0.0248 Tc 1.4401 Tw (transported to) Tj 75 0 TD 0.0068 Tc 1.4582 Tw ( Europe. When Azerbaijan\222s) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -285 -16.68 TD -0.0062 Tc 0 Tw (Shah) Tj 26.52 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0019 Tc 1.7716 Tw (Deniz field\222s major gas reserves were discovered, Turkmenistan) Tj 345.24 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0059 Tc -0.1009 Tw (Azerbaijan ) Tj -380.16 -16.8 TD -0.0181 Tc 1.6794 Tw (relations became tense as Azerbaijan was no longer merely a gas transit) Tj 388.56 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 1.5824 Tw ( country,) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -388.56 -16.68 TD 0.011 Tc 1.8365 Tw (but a gas producer with its own desire to export to Turkey and to the EU. The) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0 Tc 3.5609 Tw (signing of the Blue Stream gas pipeline agreement at a time when the ) Tj 3.4838 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 420.48 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.025 Tw (, ) Tj -433.92 -16.68 TD -0.0076 Tc 4.7792 Tw (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Turkey were actively promoting a major gas) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.007 Tc 3.738 Tw (pipeline to transport) Tj 113.76 0 TD 0.0012 Tc 3.7838 Tw ( Turkmen and Azer) Tj 115.08 0 TD -0.0146 Tc 0 Tw (baijan) Tj 31.32 0 TD -0 Tc 3.7966 Tw (i gas to Turkey was seen as a) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -260.16 -16.8 TD 0.0042 Tc 0.0636 Tw (brilliant move by Russia to shut Turkmenistan out of the game; there simply would ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.0848 Tw (not be sufficient room in the Turkish market for two major gas deliveries.) Tj 385.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -385.44 -28.68 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0286 Tc 0 Tw (Iran) Tj 20.76 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -20.76 -22.68 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.003 Tc 2.908 Tw (Turkey\222s relations with) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 134.4 0 TD -0.0386 Tc 0.0636 Tw (Iran ) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0.0312 Tc 2.9362 Tw (were similar) Tj 67.68 0 TD 0.0013 Tc 2.8351 Tw (ly tense over BTC and also over the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -230.16 -16.8 TD -0.0034 Tc 2.1383 Tw (Caspian gas pipeline. Turkey and Iran were clear competitors for the MEP, but) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0322 Tc 1.1371 Tw (with ) Tj 1.0838 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 38.52 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 1.0857 Tw ( sanctions on Iran, multinational oil companies were unable to seriously) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj -51.96 -16.8 TD -0.0125 Tc 2.2775 Tw (consider Iran as an alternative. The ) Tj 2.1638 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 211.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0207 Tc 2.1643 Tw ( remains opposed to) Tj 110.4 0 TD -0.004 Tc 2.2289 Tw ( investment in the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -335.04 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 3.3132 Tw (Iranian energy sector, so long as that country continues sponsoring terrorism,) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.002 Tc 4.319 Tw (obstructing the Middle East peace process, and developing weapons of mass) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.002 Tc 3.2003 Tw (destruction. Turkey also opposed such investment, albeit for different reasons.) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (Turk) Tj 26.76 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 2.0328 Tw (ey also suffered from Iranian) Tj 159.48 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 1.9905 Tw (backed radical Islamist terrorism, and offered) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -190.44 -16.8 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.806 Tw (Azerbaijan a much more secure option for the oil and gas pipelines. Relations over) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 0.1852 Tw (the gas pipeline became more complicated, especially after Turkey and Iran reached ) Tj T* -0.0082 Tc 1.1132 Tw (an agreement) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 75.12 0 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.9714 Tw (for a gas pipeline through Turkey to Europe) Tj 235.92 0 TD -0.0173 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 11.04 0 TD -0.0041 Tc 1.0491 Tw (an agreement blocked) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -322.08 -16.8 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.3928 Tw (by the United States. Yet, a solution was found: Turkey could receive Turkmen) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 0.0413 Tw (gas swapped for Iranian gas, so that Turkey would be unaffected by the sanctions. ) Tj 433.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -433.2 -28.68 TD /F3 12.48 Tf 0.0086 Tc 0.0212 Tw (United States) Tj 65.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj -65.52 -22.68 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.083 Tw (The BTC projec) Tj 85.32 0 TD -0.0105 Tc 0.0954 Tw (t and the overall East) Tj 110.76 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.0683 Tw (West energy corridor were at the heart of the ) Tj -200.28 -16.8 TD 0.0068 Tc 0.9382 Tw (Turkish relations with the) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 144.48 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 10.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.9818 Tw ( from mid) Tj 54.6 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0044 Tc 0.9292 Tw (1990s until 2000. 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Tj 90.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -90.96 -22.68 TD 0.005 Tc 1.22 Tw (Moreover, the AKP government) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 177.36 0 TD 0.002 Tc 1.2429 Tw (that took office after the parliamentary elections) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -177.36 -16.8 TD -0.0136 Tc 1.1718 Tw (of November 2002 showed little interest in keeping the East) Tj 320.04 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.005 Tc 1.0999 Tw (West corridor on the) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -324.24 -16.68 TD 0.0048 Tc 1.3002 Tw (world agenda. With Turkey\222s lack of visibility in the regional energy picture and) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0133 Tc 0.7317 Tw (its failure to keep energy issues on the ) Tj 0.7075 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 214.08 0 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.7686 Tw (ilateral agenda, Washington has gradually) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -214.08 -16.8 TD -0.0108 Tc 3.9084 Tw (lost interest in the BTC project as well. 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Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0052 Tc 2.5398 Tw ( to ensure) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -381.24 -16.68 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.0664 Tw (ongoing active support. ) Tj 125.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -125.16 -37.44 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.0205 Tc -0.0095 Tw (Looking Ahead) Tj 91.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.03 Tw ( ) Tj -91.68 -21 TD /F0 12.48 Tf -0.0029 Tc 2.1979 Tw (While the BTC pipeline will help reduce oil tanker traffic through the Turkish) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0 Tc 1.6286 Tw (Straits, Straits traffic continues to increase, posing continuing stress to Turks. A) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.6314 Tw (new vessel traffic system \(VTS) Tj 167.76 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.5301 Tw (\) has become operational in Turkey to provide safe ) Tj -167.76 -16.68 TD 0.0044 Tc 2.1344 Tw (passage to oil and other maritime traffic in the Turkish Straits; while the VTS) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.0564 Tw (system helps, it does not solve the problem. ) Tj 229.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -229.92 -22.68 TD -0.0055 Tc 1.5104 Tw (The increasing amount of oil being transported from Russia and the Caspian has) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0073 Tc 0.4331 Tw (caused the Straits to become a chokepoint, stalling traffic in and out of this) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 399.36 0 TD 0.0046 Tc -0.2197 Tw (narrow ) Tj -399.36 -16.68 TD -0.0062 Tc 2.6026 Tw (body of water. 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When Russian ) Tj -346.68 -16.68 TD -0 Tc 2.4764 Tw (oil companies increase production and when the CPC) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 302.16 0 TD -0.0167 Tc 0.0416 Tw (pipeline ) Tj 47.04 0 TD -0.004 Tc 2.4889 Tw (starts its second) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -349.2 -16.8 TD 0.0019 Tc 2.4591 Tw (phase, traffic through the Straits may simply become paralyzed, necessitating a) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0075 Tc 0 Tw (bypass pipeline out of the Black Sea. ) Tj 192.84 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -192.84 -22.8 TD 0.0078 Tc 0.1972 Tw (Moreover, any incident that causes delays a) Tj 228 0 TD 0.0154 Tc 0.1296 Tw (bove and beyond those caused by traffic ) Tj -228 -16.68 TD -0.0119 Tc 3.2551 Tw (and weather would shut down the passageway for a considerable period, with) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0073 Tc 1.8433 Tw (devastating effects for all the countries in the region that rely on the Straits for) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0049 Tc 2.58 Tw (transportation of imported goods and exported commoditie) Tj 324.12 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 2.5403 Tw (s. The occurrence of) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 414 0 obj 7021 endobj 415 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 406 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 15 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 416 0 R >> endobj 416 0 obj << /Length 417 0 R >> stream BT 239.52 796.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0.0393 Tw (The Baku) Tj 41.4 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0213 Tc (Tbilisi) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0 Tc (-) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0372 Tw (Ceyhan Pipeline) Tj 68.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0125 Tw ( ) Tj -273.12 -748.2 TD /F0 12.48 Tf 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 93.6 791.52 13.68 14.52 re h W n BT 93.6 794.88 TD 0.0173 Tc 0 Tw (118) Tj ET Q q 107.28 791.52 0.24 14.52 re h W n BT 107.28 794.88 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 93.6 737.28 TD -0.0133 Tc 3.8611 Tw (such an incident, whether a major oil spill or a terrorist attack, is a serious) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.4258 Tw (possibility. After all, Istanbul was already hit twice by terrorists in November 2003 ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.9376 Tw (and is a frontline state in the war against terror. It is imperative) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 345.96 0 TD 0.0224 Tc 0.7826 Tw (that the Western) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -345.96 -16.68 TD 0 Tc 1.3632 Tw (alliance develop a strategy to ensure the safety of the Black Sea region\222s strategic) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.8 TD 0.0075 Tc 0.0175 Tw (chokepoint. ) Tj 64.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -64.08 -22.68 TD -0.0248 Tc 0.8897 Tw (Once the East) Tj 74.88 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0072 Tc 0.9222 Tw (West oil and gas pipelines are fully complete, Turkey will be a key) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -79.2 -16.68 TD 0.0073 Tc 1.6017 Tw (energy terminal for oil and gas to be transported to Wester) Tj 322.8 0 TD -0.0079 Tc 1.7129 Tw (n markets. Following) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj -322.8 -16.8 TD 0.001 Tc 4.1501 Tw (the start of the BTC pipeline later in 2005, Kazakhstan is likely to finalize) Tj 0 Tc 0.265 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD 0.0077 Tc 2.7127 Tw (agreements to send its oil from Aktau to the BTC pipeline. This would make) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0162 Tc 2.5588 Tw (perfect sense for the producers) Tj 169.08 0 TD 0.011 Tc 2.5939 Tw ( in Kazakhstan) Tj 83.28 0 TD 0.0107 Tc 2.5642 Tw (, especially Eni and TotalFinaElf,) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -252.36 -16.8 TD 0.1325 Tc 0 Tw (bo) Tj 12.48 0 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.0696 Tw (th of which are BTC shareholders. ) Tj 183.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -195.96 -22.68 TD -0.0108 Tc 0.5158 Tw (As for the gas pipelines, the Shah) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.01 Tc 0.6049 Tw (Deniz gas pipeline should not) Tj 156.84 0 TD -0.0257 Tc 0.5547 Tw (, and are not likely ) Tj -338.04 -16.8 TD 0.1358 Tc 0 Tw (to) Tj 10.56 0 TD 0.0125 Tc 2.4124 Tw ( terminate in Turkey, but) Tj 0 Tc 0.145 Tw ( ) Tj 148.32 0 TD 0.0158 Tc 0.0091 Tw (to ) Tj 15.96 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 2.4953 Tw (continue to European markets. Turkmenistan is) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -174.84 -16.68 TD -0.003 Tc 3.004 Tw (once again expressing interest in sending its gas via the ) Tj 2.9674 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 328.2 0 TD -0.113 Tc (ast) Tj 14.64 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (-) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.006 Tc 2.9709 Tw (West route, and) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj -347.16 -16.68 TD 0.0219 Tc 0.003 Tw (though ) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0209 Tc -0.0742 Tw (this ) Tj 23.28 0 TD -0.0132 Tc 0.4351 Tw (will not happen in the short term, it would make great commercial and ) Tj -63.6 -16.8 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.5529 Tw (political sense in the longer term for Turkmenistan, for the transiting countries,) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 426.48 0 TD 0.0134 Tc 0.1315 Tw (as ) Tj -426.48 -16.68 TD -0.0171 Tc 1.6021 Tw (well as) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 41.76 0 TD 0.0206 Tc 1.4444 Tw (for Western Europe.) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 115.08 0 TD -0.0093 Tc 1.5543 Tw (A Turkey that is an EU member, a close ) Tj 1.4928 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 233.52 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 1.4696 Tw (artner of) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -390.36 -16.8 TD -0 Tc 0.4367 Tw (Russia, and a strategic ally of the U) Tj 186.84 0 TD 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0509 Tc (S) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0499 Tc (.) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0089 Tc 0.3788 Tw ( would, with the realization of these projects, ) Tj -200.16 -16.68 TD 0.0074 Tc 2.2322 Tw (have enormous political and economic pull for the South Caucasus and Central) Tj 0 Tc -0.095 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD -0.0086 Tc 3.7135 Tw (Asian countries that also want to be closely associated with) Tj 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj 348.12 0 TD 0.0646 Tc -0.0397 Tw (the ) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.0029 Tc -0.0979 Tw (transatlantic ) Tj -371.52 -16.8 TD 0.0461 Tc 0 Tw (al) Tj 9.12 0 TD -0.0166 Tc (liance.) Tj 33.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw ( ) Tj -42.72 -22.68 TD ( ) Tj 0 -16.68 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 417 0 obj 4604 endobj 535 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 536 0 R /Length1 538 0 R >> stream HW \U? 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